Hydropower
Penstock Flow Velocity
V = Q / (\pi D^2 / 4)
Variables
| V | Flow velocity | m/s |
| Q | Discharge | m³/s |
| D | Penstock internal diameter | m |
Engineering Example
A 5 m³/s flow in a 1.2 m diameter penstock: V = 5/(π×1.2²/4) ≈ 4.42 m/s.
Practical Site Example
Kept within a typical 3–6 m/s design range to balance head loss against penstock cost.