Hydropower

Net Head

H_{net} = H_{gross} - H_{losses}

Variables

Hnet Net head used in power calculation m
Hgross Gross (static) head m
Hlosses Penstock + intake + trashrack losses m

Engineering Example

A site with 45 m gross head and 5 m of total penstock/intake losses: Hnet = 45 − 5 = 40 m.

Practical Site Example

Always used in place of gross head for the actual power formula — using gross head alone overstates output.